Credential harvesting refers to the unauthorized collection of login credentials and sensitive data through phishing scams, malicious software, or data breaches. This information can then be used for malicious purposes, such as identity theft, financial fraud, or compromising sensitive information, causing significant harm to individuals and organizations.

Credential harvesting is a major challenge for organizations and government agencies, as it can result in severe consequences. The increasing use of digital systems and the growth of the internet have made it easier for attackers to carry out credential harvesting attacks. Many organizations need help to effectively keep up with the constantly evolving methods used by threat actors, leading to ongoing investment in cybersecurity measures and employee education through awareness campaigns. Additionally, the damage caused by a successful credential harvesting attack can be extensive, leading to significant financial losses, legal liabilities, and reputational damage for organizations.

Phishing scams serve as a primary method for credential harvesting, often executed through deceptive emails, text messages, or counterfeit websites resembling legitimate platforms. Attackers aim to deceive victims into divulging their login credentials or personal information, which they subsequently capture for malicious purposes.

Another method of credential harvesting is using malicious software, such as malware, that is designed to steal sensitive information from a victim's computer or device. This malware can be spread through infected email attachments, links, or downloads. Once installed, it can steal login credentials and other information, such as social security numbers, credit card details, or bank account information.

Data breaches are another way that credential harvesting can occur. When unauthorized persons gain access to confidential information stored on a company's systems, a breach of data occurs on information stored on a company's systems. This information can include login credentials and personal information, which can be used maliciously. Hacking, human error, or the theft of electronic devices are means through which data breaches can occur.

Techniques to Prevent Credential Harvesting Attacks

Safeguarding against credential harvesting necessitates adhering to vital online security guidelines. This entails employing robust and distinct passwords, activating two-factor authentication, exercising caution when dealing with unknown email attachments or links, and refraining from using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions. Regularly monitoring accounts for suspicious activity and promptly reporting potential security incidents to the appropriate authorities is also crucial.

1. Use strong and unique passwords
To protect against credential harvesting, following best practices for online security is essential. This comprises utilizing strong and unique passwords, activating two-factor authentication, exercising caution when dealing with unfamiliar email attachments or links, and refraining from using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions. It is also essential to regularly monitor accounts for suspicious activity and promptly report any potential security incidents to the relevant authorities.

Strong and unique passwords can prevent credential harvesting by making it more challenging for hackers to crack the password. If a password is easy to guess or can be easily cracked using a brute force attack, an attacker may gain access to sensitive information, such as login credentials. On the other hand, if a password is strong and unique, it is much more difficult for an attacker to gain access, even if they obtain the password through phishing or database breaches. Using strong and unique passwords adds an extra layer of security, making it less likely for an attacker to harvest credentials successfully.

2. Multi-factor authentication
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) offers enhanced protection against credential harvesting by requiring users to provide multiple authentication methods for account access. Alongside a password, MFA demands an additional form of authentication like a one-time code from a mobile app or a security key. This robust approach makes it significantly harder for attackers to gain entry, even if they acquire the password through phishing or database breaches.

For instance, if an attacker manages to obtain a user's password via a phishing scam, they won't be able to access the account without the one-time code or security key. MFA's multi-layered approach adds an extra level of security, reducing the likelihood of successful credential harvesting by attackers.

3. Cautious when opening email attachments or links from unknown sources
Exercising caution when opening email attachments or links from unknown sources can prevent credential harvesting by reducing the risk of falling for phishing scams. Phishing is a common tactic used by attackers to deceive individuals into sharing personal information like login details. Typically, they employ emails appearing genuine, asking recipients to click on links or download attachments. If individuals do so, they might be directed to fake websites that look real, tricking them into sharing login credentials. Being cautious and refraining from opening attachments or clicking links from unfamiliar sources helps reduce the risk of falling victim to phishing and safeguarding personal information.

4. Use of Public Wi-Fi networks
Avoiding using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions can prevent credential harvesting by reducing the risk of sensitive information being intercepted. Public Wi-Fi networks, such as those in airports or cafes, are often unsecured and can be vulnerable to hacking. When connected to a public Wi-Fi network, sensitive information, for example, login credentials or credit card information, can be intercepted by an attacker on the same network.

Choosing to refrain from using public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions and opting for a secure, private network can lower the risk of sensitive information interception and prevent credential harvesting.

5. Users behavior training

User awareness training can prevent credential harvesting by educating individuals on the dangers of phishing scams and other methods attackers use to harvest credentials. This training can help individuals recognize the signs of a phishing scam and avoid falling for these types of attacks.

For example, individuals can learn about common tactics used in phishing scams, such as emails that appear to be from a trusted source or websites that look legitimate but are fake. By being aware of these tactics and knowing how to recognize a phishing scam, individuals can avoid giving their login credentials to attackers, reducing the risk of their credentials being harvested.

User awareness training can also educate individuals on best practices for online security, such as using strong and unique passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and avoiding public Wi-Fi for sensitive transactions. By being knowledgeable about online security, individuals can make informed decisions that help protect their personal information and prevent their credentials from being harvested.

6. Risk-based access control
Risk-based access control is a security technique that can prevent credential harvesting by limiting access to sensitive information based on an assessment of risk. This means that access to sensitive information is granted based on the level of risk posed by the individual or system requesting access.

As an illustration, when logging into a high-risk system, like a financial account, an individual may be prompted to provide additional forms of authentication, like a one-time code generated by a mobile app or a security key. Conversely, access to low-risk systems, like a public-facing website, might only necessitate a username and password for entry.

By requiring additional forms of authentication for high-risk systems, risk-based access control adds an extra layer of security, making it less likely for an attacker to harvest credentials successfully. Additionally, by limiting access to sensitive information based on risk, organizations can ensure that only those who need sensitive information are granted that access, reducing the risk of data breaches and the exposure of sensitive information.

7. Identity and access management (IAM) tools
Identity and access management (IAM) tools can prevent credential harvesting by centralizing and automating the management of user identities and access to resources. IAM tools provide a secure and centralized location to store user identities, passwords, and permissions, making it easier for organizations to enforce security policies and control access to sensitive information.

IAM tools can enforce strong password policies, such as requiring users to use long, complex passwords that are regularly updated, reducing the risk of passwords being easily guessed or cracked. IAM tools can also enforce multi-factor authentication, requiring users to provide additional forms of authentication before accessing sensitive information, making it more difficult for an attacker to harvest credentials successfully.

Additionally, IAM tools can provide real-time monitoring and reporting of user activity, allowing organizations to detect and respond to suspicious behavior quickly. By using an IAM tool, organizations can ensure a secure and centralized way to manage user identities and resource access, reducing the risk of data breaches and the exposure of sensitive information.

Credential harvesting is a growing threat in today's digital age, and it is essential to be aware of the methods that attackers use to steal sensitive information. Following the best online security practices can drastically reduce the threat of credential harvesting and other malicious activities.